HSK 3 Chinese grammar
3.0106 grammar rules of the new HSK standard at this level, with structures, examples and an interactive exercise for every rule.
Question Forms
Adjectives
Adverbs
先 — first… then…
先 (xiān)……, 再 (zài)……我们先吃饭,再去看电影。Wǒmen xiān chīfàn, zài qù kàn diànyǐng.First we'll eat, then we'll go see a movie.一边 — doing two things at once
一边 (yìbiān) + Verb 1, 一边 (yìbiān) + Verb 2她喜欢一边听音乐,一边工作。Tā xǐhuan yībiān tīng yīnyuè, yībiān gōngzuò.She likes to listen to music while working.又 — again in the past
又 (yòu) + Verb + 了 (le)他又迟到了。Tā yòu chídào le.He was late again.一直 — all along, continuously
Subj. + 一直 (yìzhí) + Verb/Adj.我一直相信你。Wǒ yīzhí xiāngxìn nǐ.I have believed you all along.总是 — always
总是 (zǒngshì) + Predicate他总是很忙。Tā zǒngshì hěn máng.He is always very busy.终于 — finally
Subj. + 终于 (zhōngyú) + Verb + 了 (le)任务终于完成了。Rènwù zhōngyú wánchéng le.The task is finally finished.才 — lateness, “not until”
Subj. + Time + 才 (cái) + Verb他晚上十点才回家。Tā wǎnshang shí diǎn cái huí jiā.He didn't come home until 10 p.m.几乎 — nearly, almost
Subj. + 几乎 (jīhū) + Verb/Adj.我几乎忘了他的名字。Wǒ jīhū wàng le tā de míngzi.I almost forgot his name.只 — only, just
Subj. + 只 (zhǐ) + Verb + Obj.我只喝茶,不喝咖啡。Wǒ zhǐ hē chá, bù hē kāfēi.I only drink tea, not coffee.总 — always, all the time
总 (zǒng) + Verb Phrase他总是不听劝。Tā zǒngshì bù tīng quàn.He always ignores advice.再不 — last chance with “if not… then…”
Subj. + 再不 (zài bù) + Verb Phrase, 就 (jiù) + result你再不走,就迟到了。Nǐ zài bù zǒu, jiù chídào le.If you don’t leave now, you’ll be late.又 — again, repeated past action
Subj. + (Time) + 又 (yòu) + Verb + 了 (le)他昨天又迟到了。Tā zuótiān yòu chídào le.He was late again yesterday.看来 — it seems, apparently
(在 (zài) + Person +) 看来 (kànlái)看来他今天不来了。Kànlái tā jīntiān bù lái le.It seems he’s not coming today.一 + measure word — one by one
一 (yī) + Measure Word + 一 (yī) + Measure Word同学们一个个走进教室。Tóngxuémen yī gè gè zǒu jìn jiàoshì.The students entered the classroom one by one.按照 vs 根据 — according to vs based on
按照 (ànzhào) + Rule / Standard (follow) / 根据 (gēnjù) + Basis / Source (based on)按照规定办事。 / 根据调查得出结论。Ànzhào guīdìng bànshì. / Gēnjù diàochá dé chū jiélùn.Act according to the rules. / Draw a conclusion based on the survey.根据 vs 据 — according to, based on
根据 (gēnjù) + Noun / 据 (jù) + Source / Report根据法律,这样做不行。 / 据报道,会议取消了。Gēnjù fǎlǜ, zhèyàng zuò bù xíng. / Jù bàodào, huìyì qǔxiāo le.According to the law, this is not allowed. / According to reports, the meeting was canceled.差不多 — almost, nearly
Subj. + 差不多 (chàbuduō)我们差不多都到了。Wǒmen chàbuduō dōu dào le.Almost all of us have arrived.刚 — just happened
Subj. + 刚 (gāng) + Verb Phrase (+ 了 (le))我刚到家。Wǒ gāng dào jiā.I just arrived home.当然 — of course, obviously
Subj. + 当然 (dāngrán) + Verb / 当然 (dāngrán), + Subj. + Verb你当然可以来我家。Nǐ dāngrán kěyǐ lái wǒ jiā.Of course you can come to my home.其实 — actually, in fact
其实 (qíshí) + Subj. + Verb / Subj. + 其实 (qíshí) + Verb其实我不喜欢咖啡。Qíshí wǒ bù xǐhuan kāfēi.Actually, I do not like coffee.一定 — definitely, must
Subj. + 一定 (yídìng) + Verb/Adj.你明天一定要来。Nǐ míngtiān yídìng yào lái.You must definitely come tomorrow.特别 — especially, very
Subj. + 特别 (tèbié) + Adj./Verb这个西瓜特别甜。Zhège xīguā tèbié tián.This watermelon is very sweet.大概 — probably, most likely
Subj. + 大概 (dàgài) + Verb / Adj.他大概已经回家了。Tā dàgài yǐjīng huí jiā le.He has probably already gone home.必须 — must, have to
Subj. + 必须 (bìxū) + Verb你明天必须来公司。Nǐ míngtiān bìxū lái gōngsī.You must come to the office tomorrow.到处 — everywhere, all over
Subj. + 到处 (dàochù) + Verb他到处找他的手机。Tā dàochù zhǎo tā de shǒujī.He is looking for his phone everywhere.才 — only, small number
Subj. + 才 (cái) + Number + MW他才五岁。Tā cái wǔ suì.He is only five years old.马上 — right away, immediately
Subject + 马上 (mǎshàng) + (就 (jiù)) + Verb我马上就来。Wǒ mǎshàng jiù lái.I will come right away.一会儿 — in a moment, a little while
一会儿 (yíhuìr) + Verb / Verb + 一会儿 (yíhuìr)一会儿见。Yíhuìr jiàn.See you in a little while.一共 — in total, altogether
Subj. + 一共 (yígòng) + Verb + Number + Noun我们班一共有二十个学生。Wǒmen bān yígòng yǒu èrshí ge xuésheng.There are twenty students in our class in total.就 — then
就 (jiù) + Verb Phrase你告诉我,我就做。Nǐ gàosu wǒ, wǒ jiù zuò.Tell me and I will do it.就 — only, just a small quantity
Place / Scope + 就 (jiù) + Quantity + Noun房间里就一张床。Fángjiān lǐ jiù yì zhāng chuáng.There is only one bed in the room.Adverbs with Adjectives
一样 — as… as…
Noun 1 + 跟 (gēn) / 和 (hé) + Noun 2 + 一样 (yíyàng) + Adj.你跟他一样高。Nǐ gēn tā yíyàng gāo.You are as tall as him.又 — both… and…
又 (yòu)⋯⋯ 又 (yòu)⋯⋯这家饭店又便宜又好吃。Zhè jiā fàndiàn yòu piányi yòu hǎochī.This restaurant is both cheap and delicious.更 — even more
更 (gèng) + Adj.这个更好。Zhège gèng hǎo.This one is even better.比较 — rather, quite
比较 (bǐjiào) + Adj.今天比较冷。Jīntiān bǐjiào lěng.It's rather cold today.挺 — quite, rather
挺 (tǐng) + Adj. (+ 的 (de))这个电影挺有意思的。Zhège diànyǐng tǐng yǒuyìsi de.This movie is quite interesting.Conjunctions
Basic/Simple Sentence Patterns
对 来说 — for me, in my opinion
对 (duì) + Person + 来说 (láishuō)对我来说,健康最重要。Duì wǒ láishuō, jiànkāng zuì zhòngyào.For me, health is the most important thing.一点儿也 — not at all
一点儿也 (yīdiǎnr yě) + 不 (bù) / 没 (méi) + Verb / Adj.我一点儿也不累。Wǒ yìdiǎnr yě bù lèi.I’m not tired at all.越来越 — more and more
越来越 (yuè lái yuè) + Adj.天气越来越热了。Tiānqì yuèláiyuè rè le.The weather is getting hotter and hotter.为了 — purpose, “for the sake of”
为了 (wèile) + Purpose + Verb为了健康,他每天跑步。Wèile jiànkāng, tā měitiān pǎobù.For the sake of his health, he runs every day.什么 — something/somewhere/sometime
Question word in the position of an indefinite object / place / time我饿了,想吃点什么。Wǒ è le, xiǎng chī diǎn shénme.I'm hungry, I want to eat something.想 — as one likes
想 (xiǎng) + Verb Phrase with Question Word + 就 (jiù) + Same Verb Phrase想去哪儿就去哪儿。Xiǎng qù nǎr jiù qù nǎr.Go wherever you want.都 — every with question words
Question Word + 都 (dōu) + Verb/Adj.谁都认识他。Shéi dōu rènshi tā.Everyone knows him.Sentence Patterns
为…而… — purpose with 为…而…
为 (wèi) + Purpose + 而 (ér) + Action他为理想而奋斗。Tā wèi lǐxiǎng ér fèndòu.He strives for his ideal.或者 — either… or…
或者 (huòzhě) + Option A, 或者 (huòzhě) + Option B或者你去,或者我去,我们得去一个人。Huòzhě nǐ qù, huòzhě wǒ qù, wǒmen děi qù yī gè rén.Either you go, or I go; one of us has to go.什么 都 — everything
什么 (shénme) + 都 (dōu) / 也 (yě)⋯⋯我什么都吃。Wǒ shénme dōu chī.I eat everything.一 — not even one
一 (yī) + MW + 也 (yě)/都 (dōu) + 没 (méi)/不 (bù) + Verb我一个人都不认识。Wǒ yī gè rén dōu bù rènshi.I don't know a single person.越 — the more… the more…
Subj.+越 (yuè)+Verb+越 (yuè) + Adj. / Verb你越说,我越不明白。Nǐ yuè shuō, wǒ yuè bù míngbai.The more you talk, the less I understand.把 — how to use the 把 sentence
Subj. + 把 (bǎ) + Obj. + Verb请把门打开。Qǐng bǎ mén dǎkāi.Please open the door.被 — passive voice
Patient/Object + 被 (bèi) + (Agent) + Verb Phrase杯子被我打碎了。Bēizi bèi wǒ dǎ suì le.The cup was broken by me.不比 — not more than
A + 不比 (bù bǐ) + B + Adj. (A is not more Adj. than B)他不比我高。Tā bù bǐ wǒ gāo.He is not taller than me.把 — advanced uses
Subj. + 把 (bǎ) + Obj. + Verb + Complex Complement他把房间打扫得干干净净。Tā bǎ fángjiān dǎsǎo de gāngānjìngjìng.He cleaned the room spotless.岂不是 — isn't it…?
岂不是 (qǐ bù shì) + Rhetorical Question这岂不是很好吗?Zhè qǐbùshì hěn hǎo ma?Isn’t this good?Nouns
以后 — after a time or action
Time / Verb + 以后 (yǐhòu)吃饭以后我们散步吧。Chīfàn yǐhòu wǒmen sànbù ba.After eating, let's take a walk.以前 — before a time
Time / Verb + 以前 (yǐqián)十年以前我来过这里。Shí nián yǐqián wǒ lái guo zhèlǐ.I came here ten years ago.后来 — later, afterwards
Event 1,后来 (hòulái) Event 2他开始学中文,后来去了中国。Tā kāishǐ xué Zhōngwén, hòulái qù le Zhōngguó.He started learning Chinese, and later went to China.这个 — name-calling with “this”
Noun + 这个 (zhège) + Category你这个骗子!Nǐ zhège piànzi!You liar!Prepositions
在 — in/on/at with 在…上
在 (zài) + Noun + 上 (shàng) / 下 (xià), ⋯在大家的帮助下,他进步很快。Zài dàjiā de bāngzhù xià, tā jìnbù hěn kuài.With everyone’s help, he is making rapid progress.向 — towards direction
向 (xiàng) + Direction + Verb请向前走。Qǐng xiàng qián zǒu.Please walk forward.关于 — about, regarding
关于 (guānyú) + Topic,…关于这个问题,我们有不同意见。Guānyú zhège wèntí, wǒmen yǒu bùtóng yìjiàn.Regarding this issue, we have different opinions.给 vs 为 — for someone's benefit
给 (gěi) + Recipient + Verb (transfer) / 为 (wèi) + Beneficiary + Verb (for the sake of)我给你买了礼物。 / 我为你骄傲。Wǒ gěi nǐ mǎi le lǐwù. / Wǒ wèi nǐ jiāo'ào.I bought you a gift. / I’m proud of you.为 — for someone
Subj. + 为 (wèi) + Someone/Something + Verb / 为 (wèi) + Someone/Something + Adj.妈妈每天为我做饭。Māma měi tiān wèi wǒ zuò fàn.Mom cooks for me every day.是 为 好 — for someone's good
Subj. + 是 (shì) + 为 (wèi) + Someone + 好 (hǎo)他是为你好。Tā shì wèi nǐ hǎo.He is doing it for your own good.就 — only, just
就 (jiù) + Measure Word / Noun (only, just)教室里就三个人。Jiàoshì lǐ jiù sān gè rén.There are only three people in the classroom."If" Statements
Word Formation
Measure Words
Numbers
Verbs
看起来 — looks, seems
Subj. + 看起来 (kànqǐlái) + Adj.他看起来很高兴。Tā kàn qǐlái hěn gāoxìng.He looks very happy.好像 — it seems
好像 (hǎoxiàng) + Clause他好像不高兴。Tā hǎoxiàng bù gāoxìng.It seems he is unhappy.什么 — rhetorical disapproval
Verb + 什么 (shénme) + (Obj.) (rhetorical disapproval)你急什么?Nǐ jí shénme?What are you rushing for?看起来 vs 看来 — seem, look like
看起来 (kànqǐlái) + Adj. (visual impression) / 看来 (kànlái) + Clause (inference)他看起来累了。 / 看来他不会来了。Tā kàn qǐlái lèi le. / Kànlái tā bù huì lái le.He looks tired. / It seems he won’t come.显得 vs 看起来 — looks vs seems
Subj. + 显得 (xiǎnde) + Adj. (shows quality) / Subj. + 看起来 (kànqǐlái) + Adj. (looks)她穿黑色显得很瘦。 / 她看起来很高兴。Tā chuān hēisè xiǎnde hěn shòu. / Tā kàn qǐlái hěn gāoxìng.She looks slimmer in black. / She looks happy.Complements
得 — potential complement
Verb + 得 (de) / 不 (bù) + Complement我看得懂中文。Wǒ kàn de dǒng Zhōngwén.I can understand written Chinese.下去 — continue doing
Verb + 下去 (xiàqù)请说下去。Qǐng shuō xiàqù.Please go on speaking.得 / 不 — potential complements
Verb + 得 (de) / 不 (bù) + Result Complement这么多菜,我一个人吃不完。Zhème duō cài, wǒ yī gè rén chī bù wán.So many dishes, I can’t finish them all by myself.坏了 — extremely, awfully
Verb / Adj. + 坏了 (huàile)这几天忙坏了。Zhè jǐ tiān máng huài le.I’ve been extremely busy these days.不懂 — not understanding
Verb + 不懂 (bù dǒng)我听不懂。Wǒ tīng bù dǒng.I don't understand by listening.到 vs 见 — result complements
Verb + 到 (dào) / 见 (jiàn)我看见你了。Wǒ kàn jiàn nǐ le.I saw you.起来 — starting an action
Verb / Adj. + 起来 (qǐlái)他一听这话,就哭起来了。Tā yī tīng zhè huà, jiù kū qǐlái le.As soon as he heard this, he started crying.住, 开, 出来 — result complements
Verb + 住 (zhù) / 开 (kāi) / 出 (chū)(来 (lái))他抓住了机会。 / 她拉开了抽屉。 / 我认出他来了。Tā zhuāzhù le jīhuì. / Tā lākāi le chōuti. / Wǒ rèn chū tā lái le.He seized the opportunity. / She pulled the drawer open. / I recognized him.到 — tricky uses of 到
Verb + 到 (dào)他提到了这个问题。 / 我没想到你会来。Tā tídào le zhège wèntí. / Wǒ méi xiǎngdào nǐ huì lái.He mentioned this issue. / I didn’t expect you to come.Auxiliary verbs
应该 — should
应该 (yīnggāi)/该 (gāi) + Verb你应该早点儿睡觉。Nǐ yīnggāi zǎo diǎnr shuìjiào.You should go to bed earlier.不用 — don't need to
Subj. + 不用 (bú yòng) + Verb Phrase你不用等我,先走吧。Nǐ bùyòng děng wǒ, xiān zǒu ba.You don’t need to wait for me; go ahead.得 — must, have to
Subj. + 得 (děi) + Verb Phrase我得走了。Wǒ děi zǒu le.I have to go.Numbers and Quantities
Fixed Expressions
不一会儿 — soon afterwards
不一会儿 (bù yíhuìr) + Subject + (就 (jiù)) + Verb + 了 (le)不一会儿,他就回家了。Bù yíhuìr, tā jiù huí jiā le.Soon afterwards, he returned home.不怎么样 — not so good, so-so
Subj. + 不怎么样 (bù zěnmeyàng)这家饭馆不怎么样。Zhè jiā fànguǎn bù zěnmeyàng.This restaurant is not so good.该 — it's time to
该 (gāi) + Verb + 了 (le)时间不早了,我们该回家了。Shíjiān bù zǎo le, wǒmen gāi huí jiā le.It's getting late; it's time for us to go home.不 — neither… nor… pattern
不 (bù) + A + 不 (bù) + B今天不冷不热。Jīntiān bù lěng bú rè.It is neither cold nor hot today.Auxiliary Verbs
Pronouns
Conditional Statements
只要 — as long as
只要 (zhǐyào) + Condition, 就 (jiù) + Result只要努力,就能成功。Zhǐyào nǔlì, jiù néng chénggōng.As long as you work hard, you will succeed.只有 — only if
只有 (zhǐyǒu) + Condition, 才 (cái) + Result只有你去,我才去。Zhǐyǒu nǐ qù, wǒ cái qù.Only if you go will I go.才 — only after, not until
Condition, + 才 (cái) + Result只有你道歉,我才原谅你。Zhǐyǒu nǐ dàoqiàn, wǒ cái yuánliàng nǐ.Only if you apologize will I forgive you.Comparison Patterns
Complex Sentence Patterns
除了 — except, in addition
除了 (chúle) ⋯⋯ (+ 以外 (yǐwài)),Subj. + 都 (dōu) / 也 (yě) / 还 (hái) ⋯⋯除了英语,他还会说法语。Chúle Yīngyǔ, tā hái huì shuō Fǎyǔ.In addition to English, he also speaks French.如果…就 — if… then…
如果 (rúguǒ)……,就 (jiù)……如果下雨,我就不去了。Rúguǒ xià yǔ, wǒ jiù bù qù le.If it rains, then I won't go.如果…的话 — if… then…
如果 (rúguǒ)……的话 (de huà),……如果你有时间的话,我们可以见面。Rúguǒ nǐ yǒu shíjiān dehuà, wǒmen kěyǐ jiànmiàn.If you have time, we can meet.不但 — not only… but also…
不但 (búdàn)……,而且 (érqiě)……他不但聪明,而且很努力。Tā bùdàn cōngmíng, érqiě hěn nǔlì.He is not only smart, but also very hardworking.