HSK 6 Chinese grammar
58 HSK 6 grammar rules with structures, examples and an interactive exercise for every rule.
Particles
与否 — whether or not
Verb / Adj. + 与否 (yǔfǒu) — formal "whether or not"成功与否,在此一举。Chénggōng yǔfǒu, zài cǐ yī jǔ.Success or failure depends on this one move.是否 — is or is not, whether
是否 (shìfǒu) + Verb / Adj. (formal "whether")他是否同意还不清楚。Tā shìfǒu tóngyì hái bù qīngchǔ.Whether he agrees is still unclear.之 — possessive “of”
Noun A + 之 (zhī) + Noun B (classical possessive)父母之爱很伟大。Fùmǔ zhī ài hěn wěidà.Parental love is great.嘛 — self-evident statement
Statement + 嘛 (ma) — obviousness本来就是这样嘛。Běnlái jiùshì zhèyàng ma.That's just how it is.Nouns
人家 vs 别人 — other people vs others
人家 (rénjiā): specific person(s)/I (soften) / 别人 (biérén): other people人家小王都来了。 / 别管别人。Rénjia Xiǎo Wáng dōu lái le. / Bié guǎn biérén.Xiao Wang is already here. / Don’t mind others.彼此 vs 对方 — each other vs the other party
彼此 (bǐcǐ): each other (reciprocal) / 对方 (duìfāng): the other side, counterpart他们彼此了解,也尊重对方。Tāmen bǐcǐ liǎojiě, yě zūnzhòng duìfāng.They understand each other and respect the other party.性 — noun suffix for characteristic
Noun / Adj. + 性 (xìng) → Abstract Noun这个产品的安全性很高。Zhège chǎnpǐn de ānquánxìng hěn gāo.This product has a high level of safety.本 — your side with 本
本 (běn) + Noun (our/this)本公司提供服务。 / 本人同意。 / 本店今天休息。Běn gōngsī tígōng fúwù. / Běnrén tóngyì. / Běn diàn jīntiān xiūxi.Our company provides services. / I myself agree. / Our store is closed today.Adverbs
偏 — contrary to expectations
Subj. + 偏偏 (piānpiān) + Verb (undesirable coincidence)我正急着走,偏偏下雨了。Wǒ zhèng jízhe zǒu, piānpiān xià yǔ le.I was in a hurry, but of course it had to rain.凡是 — all, every
凡是 (fánshì) + Noun Phrase, 都 (dōu) + Verb凡是报名的人都要参加考试。Fánshì bàomíng de rén dōu yào cānjiā kǎoshì.All those who signed up must take the exam.向来 — always previously
Subj. + 向来 (xiànglái) + Verb / Adj.他向来守时。Tā xiànglái shǒushí.He has always been punctual.一向 — always been
Subj. + 一向 (yíxiàng) + Verb / Adj.他一向很准时。Tā yīxiàng hěn zhǔnshí.He has always been very punctual.到时候 — when the time comes
到时候 (dào shíhou), Main Clause (future reference)你先准备,到时候我叫你。Nǐ xiān zhǔnbèi, dào shíhòu wǒ jiào nǐ.You prepare first; when the time comes, I’ll call you.似乎 — as if, seemingly
似乎 (sìhū) + Clause (speculative)他似乎不太高兴。Tā sìhū bù tài gāoxìng.He seems not very happy.再…也 — no matter how
再 (zài) + Adj., 也 (yě) + Result再难,也要坚持下去。Zài nán, yě yào jiānchí xiàqù.No matter how hard it is, we still have to persevere.果然 — as expected
果然 (guǒrán) + Result (matching expectation)天气预报说会下雨,果然下雨了。Tiānqì yùbào shuō huì xià yǔ, guǒrán xià yǔ le.The weather forecast said it would rain, and sure enough it rained.一律 — no exception, all without exception
一律 (yílǜ) + Verb / Adj. (uniformly, without exception)游客一律免费入场。Yóukè yīlǜ miǎnfèi rùchǎng.Visitors all enter for free without exception.无非 — nothing but
无非 (wúfēi) + Noun / Clause (dismissive)他说的无非是借口。Tā shuō de wúfēi shì jièkǒu.What he said is nothing but an excuse.一再 — again and again
一再 (yízài) + Verb Phrase他一再道歉。Tā yīzài dàoqiàn.He apologized again and again.足足 — a full amount
足足 (zúzú) + Quantity + Measure Word (+ Noun)他足足等了一个小时。Tā zúzú děng le yī gè xiǎoshí.He waited a full hour.倒 — contrary, unexpected
倒 (dào) + Verb / Adj. (surprise, concession, softening)你说得倒容易! / 我倒想试试。Nǐ shuō de dào róngyì! / Wǒ dào xiǎng shìshi.Easy for you to say! / I, on the other hand, want to try.何必 — why bother
何必 (hébì) + Verb Phrase (rhetorical, unnecessary)何必这么客气?Hébì zhème kèqi?Why be so polite?一时 vs 一度 — temporary vs once
一时 (yìshí): temporary (moment) / 一度 (yídù): once (period in past)他一时冲动买了很多东西。 / 这个词一度很流行。Tā yìshí chōngdòng mǎi le hěn duō dōngxi. / Zhège cí yídù hěn liúxíng.He bought many things on impulse. / This word was once popular.一直 vs 一向 — always vs consistently
一直 (yìzhí): continuously (from past to present) / 一向 (yíxiàng): consistently (habit)我一直在等你。 / 他一向很节俭。Wǒ yìzhí zài děng nǐ. / Tā yíxiàng hěn jiéjiǎn.I have been waiting for you all along. / He has always been frugal.不得不 vs 只好 — no choice vs reluctant
不得不 (bùdébù) + Verb (no choice, compelled) / 只好 (zhǐhǎo) + Verb (reluctant but accepting)我不得不拒绝。 / 没车,只好走路。Wǒ bùdébù jùjué. / Méi chē, zhǐhǎo zǒulù.I have no choice but to refuse. / There’s no car, so we have to walk.不断 vs 不停 — continuous vs nonstop
不断 (bùduàn) + Verb (continuous, unceasing) / 不停 (bùtíng) + Verb (incessant, nonstop)公司不断进步。员工不停地努力工作。Gōngsī bùduàn jìnbù. Yuángōng bùtíng de nǔlì gōngzuò.The company keeps improving. The employees keep working hard nonstop.反而 vs 却 — contrary to expectation vs but
反而 (fǎn'ér): contrary to expectation / 却 (què): however, but他努力了,反而失败了。 / 他说帮忙,却没来。Tā nǔlì le, fǎn'ér shībài le. / Tā shuō bāngmáng, què méi lái.He tried hard, but contrary to expectations, he failed. / He said he would help, yet he didn’t come.居然 vs 反而 — unexpected vs on the contrary
居然 (jūrán): unexpectedly (surprise) / 反而 (fǎn'ér): on the contrary他居然迟到了。 / 帮忙反而添了乱。Tā jūrán chídào le. / Bāngmáng fǎn'ér tiān le luàn.He was unexpectedly late. / Helping actually made things worse.恢复 vs 还原 — restore vs return to original
恢复 (huīfù): restore (state, function) / 还原 (huányuán): restore to original state他恢复了健康。 / 技术人员还原了数据。Tā huīfù le jiànkāng. / Jìshù rényuán huányuán le shùjù.He recovered his health. / The technician restored the data to its original state.按照 vs 根据 — according to vs based on
按照 (ànzhào) + Rule / Standard (follow) / 根据 (gēnjù) + Basis / Source (based on)按照规定办事。 / 根据调查得出结论。Ànzhào guīdìng bànshì. / Gēnjù diàochá dé chū jiélùn.Act according to the rules. / Draw a conclusion based on the survey.根据 vs 据 — according to, based on
根据 (gēnjù) + Noun / 据 (jù) + Source / Report根据法律,这样做不行。 / 据报道,会议取消了。Gēnjù fǎlǜ, zhèyàng zuò bù xíng. / Jù bàodào, huìyì qǔxiāo le.According to the law, this is not allowed. / According to reports, the meeting was canceled.根本 vs 到底 — at all vs after all
根本 (gēnběn): at all (negatives), fundamental / 到底 (dàodǐ): after all, finally我根本不知道。 / 你到底想怎样?Wǒ gēnběn bù zhīdào. / Nǐ dàodǐ xiǎng zěnyàng?I didn’t know at all. / What do you really want?很是 — very, extremely
很是 (hěn shì) + Adj. / Verb Phrase他对这个结果很是满意。Tā duì zhège jiéguǒ hěnshì mǎnyì.He is very satisfied with this result.Auxiliary Words
Conjunctions
以及 — as well as
Noun A + 以及 (yǐjí) + Noun B苹果、香蕉以及橘子都买了。Píngguǒ, xiāngjiāo yǐjí júzi dōu mǎi le.I bought apples, bananas, as well as oranges.以免 — in order to avoid
Clause 1, 以免 (yǐmiǎn) + Undesirable Result早点出发,以免迟到。Zǎodiǎn chūfā, yǐmiǎn chídào.Leave early so as to avoid being late.总之 — in short
总之 (zǒngzhī) + Summary / Conclusion总之,我们不能放弃。Zǒngzhī, wǒmen bù néng fàngqì.In short, we cannot give up.则 — contrast, “whereas”
Topic A + 则 (zé) + Comment / Verb北方干燥,南方则湿润。Běifāng gānzào, nánfāng zé shīrùn.The north is dry, whereas the south is humid.Prepositions
Sentence patterns
一来 — giving two reasons
一来 (yìlái) + Reason 1, 二来 (èrlái) + Reason 2一来没时间,二来没兴趣。Yīlái méi shíjiān, èrlái méi xìngqù.Firstly, I have no time; secondly, I have no interest.不愧是 — worthy of
不愧是 (bùkuì shì) + Noun / Noun Phrase不愧是冠军,水平就是高。Bùkuì shì guànjūn, shuǐpíng jiùshì gāo.True champion – the level is really high.由 — who decides
由 (yóu) + Person + 做主 (zuòzhǔ)这件事由你来做主。Zhè jiàn shì yóu nǐ lái zuòzhǔ.This matter is up to you to decide.与其 — rather than…
与其 (yǔqí) + Option A, 不如 (bùrú) + Option B与其等待,不如主动争取。Yǔqí děngdài, bùrú zhǔdòng zhēngqǔ.Rather than waiting, it’s better to take the initiative.非得 — must, absolutely have to
Subj. + 非得 (fēiděi) + Verb Phrase + 不可 (bùkě) / 才行 (cái xíng)这事非得你去才行。Zhè shì fēiděi nǐ qù cái xíng.You absolutely must handle this matter.莫过于 — nothing is more…than
莫过于 (mòguòyú) + Noun / Verb Phrase最大的幸福莫过于健康。Zuì dà de xìngfú mòguòyú jiànkāng.The greatest happiness is nothing other than health.莫非 — could it be that
莫非 (mòfēi) + Speculation?莫非他生病了?Mòfēi tā shēngbìng le?Could it be that he’s sick?兼 — at the same time, concurrently
兼 (jiān) + Noun / Verb (concurrently)他身兼数职。Tā shēn jiān shù zhí.He holds several positions concurrently.以 — in the name of
以 (yǐ) + Person / Org + 的名义 (de míngyì) + Verb我以公司的名义邀请您。Wǒ yǐ gōngsī de míngyì yāoqǐng nín.I invite you in the name of the company.由此 — from this, hence
由此 (yóucǐ) + Verb / Clause (hence, thus)由此可见,他是对的。Yóucǐ kějiàn, tā shì duì de.From this, it can be seen that he is right.跟 — similar to, as if
跟 (gēn) + Noun + 似的 (shìde) — as if, like他高兴得跟孩子似的。Tā gāoxìng de gēn háizi shìde.He is happy like a child.岂不是 — isn't it…?
岂不是 (qǐ bù shì) + Rhetorical Question这岂不是很好吗?Zhè qǐbùshì hěn hǎo ma?Isn’t this good?非 — absolute must, “have to”
非 (fēi) + Verb / Noun + 不可 (bùkě)我非去不可。Wǒ fēi qù bùkě.I absolutely have to go.