Grammar
72 rules
Grammar
72 rules
Adverbs
Adverbs
| Description | Pattern | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Emphasizing quantity with "都 (dōu)" | Subj. + 都 (dōu) + Predicate / Verb Phrase | 大家都来了。 | |
| Expressing "and also" with "还 (hái)" | 还 (hái) + Verb | 我会说英语,还会说法语。 | |
| Expressing "about to" with "就要 (jiùyào)" | (还有 (háiyǒu) + Time Period) + 就要 (jiùyào) + Verb Phrase + 了 (le) | 还有五分钟就要上课了。 | |
| Expressing "again" in the future with "再 (zài)" | 再 (zài) + Verb | 明天再来。 | |
| Expressing "then" with "就 (jiù)" | 就 (jiù) + Verb Phrase | 你告诉我,我就做。 | |
| Expressing "already" with "已经 (yǐ jīng) (yǐjīng)" | 已经 (yǐjīng) + Verbal phrase + 了 (le) | 我已经知道了。 | |
| Expressing "already" with "都 (dōu)" | 都 (dōu) + Time + 了 (le) | 都十二点了! | |
| Expressing earliness with "就 (jiù)" | Subj. + Time + 就 (jiù) + Verb + 了 (le) | 他八点就来了。 | |
| Continuation with "还 (hái)" | Subj. + 还 (hái) + Verb Phrase / Adj. | 我还在学习。 | |
| Emphasis with "就是 (jiùshì)" | 就是 (jiùshì) + Verb | 我就是喜欢他。 | |
| Negative commands with "别 (bié)" | 别 (bié) + Verb | 别走! |
Subj. + 都 (dōu) + Predicate / Verb Phrase
Emphasizing quantity with "都 (dōu)"
大家都来了。
Example还 (hái) + Verb
Expressing "and also" with "还 (hái)"
我会说英语,还会说法语。
Example(还有 (háiyǒu) + Time Period) + 就要 (jiùyào) + Verb Phrase + 了 (le)
Expressing "about to" with "就要 (jiùyào)"
还有五分钟就要上课了。
Example再 (zài) + Verb
Expressing "again" in the future with "再 (zài)"
明天再来。
Example就 (jiù) + Verb Phrase
Expressing "then" with "就 (jiù)"
你告诉我,我就做。
Example已经 (yǐjīng) + Verbal phrase + 了 (le)
Expressing "already" with "已经 (yǐ jīng) (yǐjīng)"
我已经知道了。
Example都 (dōu) + Time + 了 (le)
Expressing "already" with "都 (dōu)"
都十二点了!
ExampleSubj. + Time + 就 (jiù) + Verb + 了 (le)
Expressing earliness with "就 (jiù)"
他八点就来了。
ExampleSubj. + 还 (hái) + Verb Phrase / Adj.
Continuation with "还 (hái)"
我还在学习。
Example就是 (jiùshì) + Verb
Emphasis with "就是 (jiùshì)"
我就是喜欢他。
Example别 (bié) + Verb
Negative commands with "别 (bié)"
别走!
ExampleAdverbs with Adjectives
Adverbs with Adjectives
| Description | Pattern | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Moderating positive adjectives with "还 (hái)" | 还 (hái) + Adj. | 这个还不错。 | |
| Expressing "really" with "真 (zhēn)" | 真 (zhēn) + Adj. | 真漂亮! | |
| Expressing "even more" with "更 (gèng)" | 更 (gèng) + Adj. | 这个更好。 | |
| Expressing "a little too" with "有点儿 (yǒu diǎn ér) (yǒudiǎnr) / 有点 (yǒudiǎn)" | 有点儿 (yǒudiǎnr) / 有点 (yǒudiǎn) + Adj. | 我有点累。 | |
| Expressing distance with "离 (lí)" | Place 1 + 离 (lí) + Place 2 + Adv. + 近 (jìn) / 远 (yuǎn) | 我家离学校很近。 | |
| Superlative "最 (zuì)" | 最 (zuì) + Adj. (+ 了 (le)) | 他最高。 | |
| Modifying nouns with phrase + "的 (de)" | Phrase + 的 (de) + Noun | 我买的书。 |
还 (hái) + Adj.
Moderating positive adjectives with "还 (hái)"
这个还不错。
Example真 (zhēn) + Adj.
Expressing "really" with "真 (zhēn)"
真漂亮!
Example更 (gèng) + Adj.
Expressing "even more" with "更 (gèng)"
这个更好。
Example有点儿 (yǒudiǎnr) / 有点 (yǒudiǎn) + Adj.
Expressing "a little too" with "有点儿 (yǒu diǎn ér) (yǒudiǎnr) / 有点 (yǒudiǎn)"
我有点累。
ExamplePlace 1 + 离 (lí) + Place 2 + Adv. + 近 (jìn) / 远 (yuǎn)
Expressing distance with "离 (lí)"
我家离学校很近。
Example最 (zuì) + Adj. (+ 了 (le))
Superlative "最 (zuì)"
他最高。
ExamplePhrase + 的 (de) + Noun
Modifying nouns with phrase + "的 (de)"
我买的书。
ExampleConjunctions
Conjunctions
Measure Words
Measure Words
| Description | Pattern | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reduplication of measure words | 一 (yī) + Measure Word + 一 (yī) + Measure Word + 地 (de) + Verb | 他一本一本地读完了这些书。 |
Nouns
Nouns
Numbers
Numbers
| Description | Pattern | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Indicating a number in excess | Number + 多 (duō) + Measure Word (+ Noun) | 他看上去三十多岁。 |
Numbers and Measure Words
Numbers and Measure Words
| Description | Pattern | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Expressing "every" with "每 (měi)" | 每 (měi) + Measure Word (+ Noun) | 每个人都很忙。 | |
| Using "几 (jǐ)" to mean "several" | 几 (jǐ) + Measure Word + Noun | 几个人在图书馆里看书。 | |
| Ordinal numbers with "第 (dì)" | 第 (dì) + Number (+ Measure Word) | 我第一次坐飞机。 | |
| Measure words for counting | Number + Measure Word + N. | 我买了三本书。 | |
| Measure words with "this" and "that" | 这 (zhè) / 那 (nà) + Measure Word (+ Noun) | 这个人是我哥哥。 |
每 (měi) + Measure Word (+ Noun)
Expressing "every" with "每 (měi)"
每个人都很忙。
Example几 (jǐ) + Measure Word + Noun
Using "几 (jǐ)" to mean "several"
几个人在图书馆里看书。
Example第 (dì) + Number (+ Measure Word)
Ordinal numbers with "第 (dì)"
我第一次坐飞机。
ExampleNumber + Measure Word + N.
Measure words for counting
我买了三本书。
Example这 (zhè) / 那 (nà) + Measure Word (+ Noun)
Measure words with "this" and "that"
这个人是我哥哥。
ExampleParticles
Particles
| Description | Pattern | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aspect particle "着 (zhe)" | Verb + 着 (zhe) | 门开着。 | |
| Expressing "already" with just "了 (le)" | Subj. + Verb Phrase + 了 (le) | 我吃了。 | |
| Expressing experiences with "过 (guò)" | Verb + 过 (guo) | 我去过中国。 | |
| Conceding with "吧 (ba)" | ⋯⋯吧 (ba) | 好吧,我去。 | |
| Using "过 (guò)" with "了 (le)" | Verb + 过 (guo) + 了 (le) | 我已经去过中国了。 | |
| Modal particle "呢 (ne)" | ⋯⋯呢 (ne)? | 你在做什么呢? |
Verb + 着 (zhe)
Aspect particle "着 (zhe)"
门开着。
ExampleSubj. + Verb Phrase + 了 (le)
Expressing "already" with just "了 (le)"
我吃了。
ExampleVerb + 过 (guo)
Expressing experiences with "过 (guò)"
我去过中国。
Example⋯⋯吧 (ba)
Conceding with "吧 (ba)"
好吧,我去。
ExampleVerb + 过 (guo) + 了 (le)
Using "过 (guò)" with "了 (le)"
我已经去过中国了。
Example⋯⋯呢 (ne)?
Modal particle "呢 (ne)"
你在做什么呢?
ExamplePrepositions
Prepositions
| Description | Pattern | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Basic comparisons with "比 (bǐ)" | Noun 1 + 比 (bǐ) + Noun 2 + Adj. | 我比你高。 | |
| Expressing "for" with "给 (gěi)" | Subj. + 给 (gěi) + Recipient + Verb Phrase | 我给你做饭。 | |
| Expressing "from… to…" with "从 (cóng) … 到 (dào) …" | 从 (cóng)⋯⋯到 (dào)⋯⋯ | 从北京到上海很远。 | |
| Expressing "toward" with "往 (wǎng)" | 往 (wǎng) + Direction Word | 往前走。 | |
| Using "对 (duì)" with verbs | Subj. + 对 (duì) + Object / Topic + Verb / Evaluative Phrase | 我对中文有兴趣。 |
Noun 1 + 比 (bǐ) + Noun 2 + Adj.
Basic comparisons with "比 (bǐ)"
我比你高。
ExampleSubj. + 给 (gěi) + Recipient + Verb Phrase
Expressing "for" with "给 (gěi)"
我给你做饭。
Example从 (cóng)⋯⋯到 (dào)⋯⋯
Expressing "from… to…" with "从 (cóng) … 到 (dào) …"
从北京到上海很远。
Example往 (wǎng) + Direction Word
Expressing "toward" with "往 (wǎng)"
往前走。
ExampleSubj. + 对 (duì) + Object / Topic + Verb / Evaluative Phrase
Using "对 (duì)" with verbs
我对中文有兴趣。
ExampleVerbs
Verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Auxiliary verbs
| Description | Pattern | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wanting to do something with "要 (yào)" | 要 (yào) + Verb | 我要学中文。 | |
| Expressing "be going to" with "要 (yào)" | Subj. + 要 (yào) + Verb (+ 了 (le)) | 我要走了。 | |
| Expressing permission with "可以 (kěyǐ)" | 可以 (kěyǐ) + Verb | 我可以进来吗? | |
| The verb/modal verb "要 (yào)" and its meanings | 要 (yào) + Noun / 要 (yào) + Verb | 我要水。 |
要 (yào) + Verb
Wanting to do something with "要 (yào)"
我要学中文。
ExampleSubj. + 要 (yào) + Verb (+ 了 (le))
Expressing "be going to" with "要 (yào)"
我要走了。
Example可以 (kěyǐ) + Verb
Expressing permission with "可以 (kěyǐ)"
我可以进来吗?
Example要 (yào) + Noun / 要 (yào) + Verb
The verb/modal verb "要 (yào)" and its meanings
我要水。
ExampleVerb phrases
Verb phrases
| Description | Pattern | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Expressing "together" with "一起 (yìqǐ)" | 一起 (yìqǐ) + Verb | 我们一起学习。 | |
| Verbs followed by "给 (gěi)" | Subj. + Verb + 给 (gěi) + Recipient + Obj. | 我送给你一本书。 | |
| Verbs preceded by "给 (gěi)" | Subj. + 给 (gěi) + Target + Verb + Obj. | 我给你写信。 | |
| Verbs that take double objects | Subj. + V. + Indirect Obj. + Direct Obj. | 我教你中文。 | |
| Using "好 (hǎo)" to mean "easy" | 好 (hǎo) + Verb | 这本书很好读。 | |
| Verbing briefly with "一下 (yíxià)" | Verb + 一下 (yíxià) | 我看一下这本书。 | |
| Direction with "到 (dào) + place + 去 (qù)" | 到 (dào) + Place + 去 (qù) | 我明天到北京去。 | |
| Special cases of "在 (zài)" following verbs | Verb + 在 (zài) + Place | 我住在北京。 | |
| Negative commands with "不要 (búyào)" | 不要 (búyào) + Verb | 不要说话! | |
| Actions in a row | (V. Phrase 1) + (V. Phrase 2) | 我去书店买书。 | |
| Measure words for verbs | V. + Number + Measure Word | 我去过一次北京。 | |
| Reduplication of verbs | V. + V. | 你看看。 |
一起 (yìqǐ) + Verb
Expressing "together" with "一起 (yìqǐ)"
我们一起学习。
ExampleSubj. + Verb + 给 (gěi) + Recipient + Obj.
Verbs followed by "给 (gěi)"
我送给你一本书。
ExampleSubj. + 给 (gěi) + Target + Verb + Obj.
Verbs preceded by "给 (gěi)"
我给你写信。
ExampleSubj. + V. + Indirect Obj. + Direct Obj.
Verbs that take double objects
我教你中文。
Example好 (hǎo) + Verb
Using "好 (hǎo)" to mean "easy"
这本书很好读。
ExampleVerb + 一下 (yíxià)
Verbing briefly with "一下 (yíxià)"
我看一下这本书。
Example到 (dào) + Place + 去 (qù)
Direction with "到 (dào) + place + 去 (qù)"
我明天到北京去。
ExampleVerb + 在 (zài) + Place
Special cases of "在 (zài)" following verbs
我住在北京。
Example不要 (búyào) + Verb
Negative commands with "不要 (búyào)"
不要说话!
Example(V. Phrase 1) + (V. Phrase 2)
Actions in a row
我去书店买书。
ExampleV. + Number + Measure Word
Measure words for verbs
我去过一次北京。
ExampleV. + V.
Reduplication of verbs
你看看。
ExampleComplements
Complements
| Description | Pattern | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Potential complement "-不懂 (bù dǒng)" for not understanding | Verb + 不懂 (bù dǒng) | 我听不懂。 | |
| Degree complement | Verb + 得 (de)⋯⋯ | 他跑得很快。 | |
| Result complement "-完 (wán)" for finishing | Verb + 完 (wán) (+ 了 (le)) | 我做完作业了。 | |
| Result complements | Verb + 好 (hǎo) / 完 (wán) / 错 (cuò) | 我吃完了。 | |
| Result complements "-到 (dào)" and "-见 (jiàn)" | Verb + 到 (dào) / 见 (jiàn) | 我看见你了。 |
Verb + 不懂 (bù dǒng)
Potential complement "-不懂 (bù dǒng)" for not understanding
我听不懂。
ExampleVerb + 得 (de)⋯⋯
Degree complement
他跑得很快。
ExampleVerb + 完 (wán) (+ 了 (le))
Result complement "-完 (wán)" for finishing
我做完作业了。
ExampleVerb + 好 (hǎo) / 完 (wán) / 错 (cuò)
Result complements
我吃完了。
ExampleVerb + 到 (dào) / 见 (jiàn)
Result complements "-到 (dào)" and "-见 (jiàn)"
我看见你了。
ExampleQuestion Forms
Question Forms
| Description | Pattern | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simple rhetorical questions | 不 (bù) 是 (shì)…… 吗 (ma)? | 不是很好吗? | |
| Tag questions with "不 (bù)" | ⋯⋯是不是 (shì bu shì) / 对不对 (duì bu duì) / 好不好 (hǎo bu hǎo)? | 你是学生,对不对? | |
| Tag questions with "吗 (ma)" | ⋯⋯是 (shì)吗 (ma) / 对 (duì)吗 (ma) / 好 (hǎo)吗 (ma)? | 很好,是吗? | |
| Asking why with "怎么 (zěnme)" | 怎么 (zěnme)⋯⋯? | 你怎么没来? | |
| Affirmative-negative question | Verb + 不 (bù) + Verb / Adj. + 不 (bù) + Adj. | 你去不去? |
不 (bù) 是 (shì)…… 吗 (ma)?
Simple rhetorical questions
不是很好吗?
Example⋯⋯是不是 (shì bu shì) / 对不对 (duì bu duì) / 好不好 (hǎo bu hǎo)?
Tag questions with "不 (bù)"
你是学生,对不对?
Example⋯⋯是 (shì)吗 (ma) / 对 (duì)吗 (ma) / 好 (hǎo)吗 (ma)?
Tag questions with "吗 (ma)"
很好,是吗?
Example怎么 (zěnme)⋯⋯?
Asking why with "怎么 (zěnme)"
你怎么没来?
ExampleVerb + 不 (bù) + Verb / Adj. + 不 (bù) + Adj.
Affirmative-negative question
你去不去?
ExampleSentence Patterns
Sentence Patterns
| Description | Pattern | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Expressing "about to happen" with "了 (le)" | 快 (kuài) + Verb / Adj. + 了 (le) | 快下雨了。 | |
| Expressing "everything" with "什么都 (shénme dōu)" | 什么 (shénme) + 都 (dōu) / 也 (yě)⋯⋯ | 我什么都吃。 | |
| Expressing "stop doing" with "别 (bié) … 了 (le)" | 别 (bié) + Verb + 了 (le) | 别哭了。 | |
| Cause and effect with "因为 (yīnwèi)" and "所以 (suǒyǐ)" | 因为 (yīnwèi)⋯⋯ 所以 (suǒyǐ)⋯⋯ | 因为下雨,所以我没去。 |
快 (kuài) + Verb / Adj. + 了 (le)
Expressing "about to happen" with "了 (le)"
快下雨了。
Example什么 (shénme) + 都 (dōu) / 也 (yě)⋯⋯
Expressing "everything" with "什么都 (shénme dōu)"
我什么都吃。
Example别 (bié) + Verb + 了 (le)
Expressing "stop doing" with "别 (bié) … 了 (le)"
别哭了。
Example因为 (yīnwèi)⋯⋯ 所以 (suǒyǐ)⋯⋯
Cause and effect with "因为 (yīnwèi)" and "所以 (suǒyǐ)"
因为下雨,所以我没去。
ExampleBasic/Simple Sentence Patterns
Basic/Simple Sentence Patterns
| Description | Pattern | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Expressing "every time" with "每 (měi)" and "都 (dōu)" | 每次 (měi cì) + Event 1 + 都 (dōu) + Event 2 | 每次我来,他都在。 |
Comparison Patterns
Comparison Patterns
| Description | Pattern | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Expressing "much more" in comparisons | Noun 1 + 比 (bǐ) + Noun 2 + Adj. + 多了 (duō le) | 他比我高多了。 |
Complex Sentence Patterns
Complex Sentence Patterns
| Description | Pattern | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Expressing "although" with "虽然 (suīrán)" and "但是 (dànshì)" | 虽然 (suīrán)⋯⋯,但是 (dànshì) / 可是 (kěshì)⋯⋯ | 虽然很贵,但是质量很好。 |
